毕业论文（设计）An Analysis of the Tragedy in Tess of the D'Urbervilles2.Author's control of the work .............2.1 The Social Circumstances of Thomas Hardy......32.1.I The social morality of the Victorian Age..................32.1.2 Life of the author............2.2 Thomas Hardy's fatalism.2.2.I The definition of fatalism....52.2.2 Hardy's fatalism and its presentation in the work............................53.Locating the causes in the work...............83.1 social status…3.1.1 Social status of different families...3.1.1.1 Tess's family.............83.1.1.2 Angel's family..........3.1.1.3 Alec's family.............3.1.2 Unequal statuses of men and women...........113.2 Individual characteristics of the characters.....1233.2.2 Angel…3.2.4 Tess's parents........4.Conclusion.....17References.......191毕业论文（设计）1.IntroductionIn the Victorian Age,Hardy's Tess of the D'Urbervilles caused a greatdisturbance.His moral concept that purity came from soul could not be accepted bythe people of that age,and was even strongly criticized.With the century went faraway from us gradually,people started to recognize the work in a new way.Sincetwenty century,there emerged a large numbers of reviews on the novel of Tess of theD'Urbervilles.In these reviews,what most people paid close attention to is the causesof Tess's tragedy.Professor Webster attributed the main reasons to the controllingforces in human life,which were the "heredity"of beauty and character,the sexualattraction between the opposite sex and the operation of chance,while Arnold Kettleconsidered that Tess's tragedy represented the disintegration of the English peasantry,and proposed that it was Tess's low social status that made her unable to get rid of thetragic fate;in addition,Van Ghent analyzed the causes from the point of view ofnature in front of which man is feeble and insignificantly small or lowly;and Yu Kunanalyzed the causes from economy,showing that the essence of the modernmechanization was ruthless and it was the speedy development of urban economy andthose stagnation of rural economy that led to the severe polarization between the richand the poor (Net.1).The predecessors'achievements were authentic,however,weshould pay more attention to the thought of the author,for it was him that created theheroine's tragedy and it was the influence of the social environment on him,hisconception and intentional arrangement of the work that finally made an end of atragedy.Thomas Hardy was the realistic writer in the nineteenth century.He gave a2毕业论文（设计）firm critical standpoint to the development of the capitalistic civilization,andtherefore was named "pessimist".As a humanist writer,Hardy thought that people'slife was miserable,the fate of the poor was also a tragedy,and the heroine's fate wasan epitome of human destiny.Hardy's pessimism made his novels full of pessimisticshades and fatalism thinking,which was represented deeply in Tess in the work.Moreover,there are also other reasons,such as the social morality (virginity notion),the family social status and the character of figures in the work that cause the tragedyof Tess.Therefore,this paper will discuss the causes of Tess's tragic fate from theaspects of both the author himself and the work.2.Author's control of the work2.1 The Social Circumstances of Thomas Hardy2.1.1 The social morality of the Victorian AgeThere is no doubt that everyone is in the society in which ideology affects mostpeople and their thought,and it is just these people and their thoughts that directly orindirectly lead to the tragic fate of Tess.The author,Thomas Hardy,is the person whocreated the tragedy.The reason why he made this tragedy has something to do withthe social environment in that age.Hardy's tragic novels have the realistic ground.The social environment and hislife experience in that world played an important part in the creation of the tragicnovels.The age in which Hardy wrote was the late Victorian Age.According to HanTing,who is a famous historian,at the time of Victoria,the social structure of England3