隐喻与翻译-Metaphor and TranslationAbstract Translation,as a tool for the communication of cultures,transfers the cognition of thesource language into the target language,and translation of metaphor has became a controversyreceiving more and more attentions.This paper introduces the English and the Chinese metaphorin details.In the beginning,different definitions of English metaphor are quoted from authorities.Then the construction of English metaphor and three basic components,the tenor,the vehicle andthe ground,are introduced,followed by the four basic structure patterns.Different classificationsof metaphor are appreciated and studied at the different levels.From the angle of rhetoric effect,the live metaphor and the dead metaphor are classified in the first type,and from Newmark's view,four categories are classified,and finally four categories can be sorted out according to theemergence of metaphor's three components.At the level of cognition three categories areintroduced form Lakoff"s classification.Then Chinese metaphor is analyzed in the same way,sothe contrast and comparison are apparently made.Based on that,the obstacles which may exist inthe translation of metaphor are probed into,that is,the study of the origin of theobstacles---culture clash,including the differences of the living environment and history,tradition and custom,classical tales and literary works,religion and so on.At last,the standardand the skills of the translation of metaphor are discussed.[Key words]:metaphor;translation;the source language;the target language;culture clash【摘要】：翻译是将一种文化中的语言所表现的认知方式用目的语传递到目的语的文化中去，而隐喻的翻译己经开始成为研究翻译方向里的重点和难点之一。本文详细介绍英语隐喻和汉语隐喻，首先在概念上引用权威的定义和诠释，接着从结构特征上下手分析英语隐喻的基本构成成分，即：本体、喻体、喻底。由此引出英语隐喻的三大基本句型。在分类上，首先从修辞效果的角度进行论证，①将其分成活隐喻和死隐喻两大类：②引用Mak的观点分成四类进行分析特点：③根据隐喻的三大成分之间的关系，隐喻又可分成四种情况。接着，从认知层面上，总结分析Lkof的观点中有利于理解隐喻特点的结构隐喻，实体隐喻，方位隐喻。接着本文对汉语隐喻和英语隐喻形作一比较，指出在语言上的目标和功能作用成为英语隐喻和汉语隐喻最大的共同点。在此基础之上，分析了在隐喻翻译过程中会遇上的拦路虎'，并深入到产生翻译障碍的根本原因一文化差异，包括地理和历史，传统习俗因，宗教信仰，经典传说和文学作品等其它因素。最后，探述了隐喻翻译的标准和基本原则，综合英、汉隐喻的特点和文化因素，讨论了几种隐喻翻译的技巧和方法。【关键词】隐喻：翻译：原语：目的语：文化冲突1.IntroductionMetaphor,mentioned by Lakoff G Johnson in Metaphors We Live By,is pervasive in our dailylife,happens not only in human's language but also in human's thinking and behavior.[1]P1 Theutilization of metaphors is very frequent,and practically it is highly valuable to study linguisticmetaphor.In resent years,metaphors in translation are studied mostly in the field of poetry,literature and rhetoric.For the differences between Chinese,which is regarded as a contextuallanguage,and English that has its advantages,it is very important to find ways to achieve theequivalent effect of source language when they are translated into the target language.There aresome examples.(1)Were I in her place,it seems to me I should wish the earth to open and swallow me up.(Jane Eyre Chapter5我若是她，会恨不得立刻在地上挖个洞，钻进去(2)He did not win the first prize;he is just pulling your leg.他并没有获得第一名，只不过和你开个玩笑罢了.(3)孩子是张大妈从小一把屎一把尿待弄出来的，像亲生儿子一样，孩子也把张大妈当作亲妈，冷丁一下子把娘俩拆开，孩子能受得了吗？She had nursed him ever since he was a small baby and loved him as her own;and the child,too,regarded her as his own mother.What would happen to him if he was taken away from her.[2]P19(4)每个人生活都有苦有甜.Every life has its roses and thorns.The above four examples show the metaphorical expressions in the two languages and the beautiesin translation.Comparison between English metaphor and Chinese metaphor will help tostrengthen our understanding of the essence of language,and the culture differences which couldbe traced back behind the phenomenon of language,both of which serve to probe into the art oftranslation;Therefore,in one sense,it is highly valuable to combine the study of comparison andcontrast between English metaphor and Chinese metaphor,the culture differences and translationskills into a whole2.English metaphorMetaphor is a figurative phenomenon,an important tool in language communication;what's more,it has a closed relationship with many subjects,[3]P1 such as Literature,Aesthetics,Sociology,Philosophy,Logic and so on,for metaphor can permeate into one's subjective thinking andconcept of aesthetic.One's personality,including philosophy,culture,standard of aesthetics andso on,will be reflected through the metaphor one uses.Therefore,metaphor should be studiedfrom a more profound and higher level.2.1 Authoritative DefinitionVarious definition of metaphor have been proposed and some of them are quoted below.i)metaphor.(example of the)use of a word or phrase to indicate something different from(thought related in some way to)the literal meaning,as in 'I'll make him eat his words'or'shehas a heart of stone'.(Oxford Advanced Learner's English-Chinese Diction the fourth editionii)metaphor.a way of describing something by comparing it to something else that has similarqualities,without using the words 'like'or'as','the sunshine of her simile'is a metaphor.Longman Dictionary of Contemporary 1995ii)metaphor.隐喻（一种修辞手段如drowning in money,food for thought之类）.(TheEnglish-Chinese Dictionary 1993iv)"By metaphor I mean any figurative expression:the transferred sense of a physical word;thepersonification of an abstraction;the application of a word or collocation to what does not literallydenote,i.e,to describe one thing in terms of another".Peter New Mark [4]P123v)metaphor.a figure of speech containing an implied comparison,in which a word or phraseordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another.Web's Now World Dictionary2.2 Structure in English metaphorMetaphor comes from the ancient Greece words 'meta'and 'pherein''meta'means 'across','pherein'means'change';Therefore the basic function of metaphor is to transform somethingfrom one place to another.[5]P1 From semantic view,there are three basic factors composing ametaphors:the tenor,the vehicle,the ground,not all of which need to be presented in a metaphor,that is,some of them may be hidden.Therefore,it is very important to distinguish three factorsfrom each other when facing a metaphor.(5)All the world is a stage,and all the men and women are merely players.(Shakespere)(6)I have seen the mermaids riding seawards on the wave.(T.S.Eliot)In example (1)'stage'is the vehicle,its literal meaning is the raised floor on which plays areperformed in a theatre which exit in our real life,while 'world'is the tenor,and the ground of thismetaphor is that both are full of illusion and absurdity.In (6)'riding'is the vehicle,which literallymeans an action to travel long controlling and sitting on a horse,and the ground is the situationthat the mermaids floating on the waves lightly.However,not all vehicles and tenors in metaphorsrefer to the reality in our life just as example (5)and (6)do,they may refer to the abstract conceptimplied in the context,and also they may refer to some kinds of quality or condition qualities.There are some examples.(7)The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants.Itis its natural manure.(Tomas Jefferson)(8)Some books are to be tasted,others swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested.(9)His reply was smooth.In (7)the vehicle,'liberty',refers to an abstractive concept,which the tenor,'tree'is a materialobject,and the ground implies that liberty cannot be achieved or defeated without the shading ofthe blood of both the defenders and oppressors of the liberty in a violent struggle.On the otherhand,blood (manure)nurtures liberty.Words in example (8)as'tasted','swallowed','chewed','digested'literally means different ways of eating foods,which are the vehicle,and the tenor isreading books',so obviously the ground is the condition that books could be read in various waysas foods could be eaten in different method.'smooth'in example (9)means have an even surfacewithout points,lumps,pump;not rough;which is the vehicle,and the tenor is 'reply'.So theground is that her reply is tactful and shrewd just as the same satisfactory character or condition ofsmooth.From syntactic view,the application of metaphor is always flexible and multiple,for in thesentence structure,the vehicle may be implied in the subject,the predicate,the object,thepredicative,the attribute or the adverbial modifier;What's more,the vehicle can be a single word,a phrase,a sentence,or even a paragraph.However,three basic structure pattems are commonlyused in English metaphor.Pattern I:the tenor and the vehicle are connected by the words such as:be,become,turn into,ect.,and the vehicle mostly acts as the predicative.(10)Jane's Uncle is an old fox,up to all kinds of evils.(11)Hollywood,California,was the film capital,a magnet for the talented,the greedy,the