中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业设计外文资料翻译系工程技术系专业：土木工程姓名：魏晓坤学号：051109032014年4月26日外文资料翻译译文Reinforced Concrete(来自《土木工程英语》)Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as building materials in everycountry.In many,including the United States and Canada,reinforced concreteis a dominant structural material in engineered construction.The universalnature of reinforced concrete construction stems from the wide availability ofreinforcing bars and the constituents of concrete,gravel,sand,and cement,the relatively simple skills required in concrete construction,and the economyof reinforced concrete compared to other forms of construction.Concrete andreinforced concrete are used in bridges,buildings of all sorts undergroundstructures,water tanks,television towers,offshore oil exploration andproduction structures,dams,and even in ships.Reinforced concrete structures may be cast-in-place concrete,constructedin their final location,or they may be precast concrete produced in a factoryand erected at the construction site.Concrete structures may be severe andfunctional in design,or the shape and layout and be whimsical and artistic.Few other building materials off the architect and engineer such versatilityand scope.Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension.As a result,cracksdevelop whenever loads,or restrained shrinkage of temperature changes,giverise to tensile stresses in excess of the tensile strength of the concrete.Ina plain concrete beam,the moments about the neutral axis due to applied loadsare resisted by an internal tension-compression couple involving tension in theconcrete.Such a beam fails very suddenly and completely when the first crackforms.In a reinforced concrete beam,steel bars are embedded in the concretein such a way that the tension forces needed for moment equilibrium after theconcrete cracks can be developed in the bars.The construction of a reinforced concrete member involves building a fromof mold in the shape of the member being built.The form must be strong enoughto support both the weight and hydrostatic pressure of the wet concrete,andany forces applied to it by workers,concrete buggies,wind,and so on.Thereinforcement is placed in this form and held in place during the concretingoperation.After the concrete has hardened,the forms are removed.As the formsare removed,props of shores are installed to support the weight of the concreteuntil it has reached sufficient strength to support the loads by itself.The designer must proportion a concrete member for adequate strength toresist the loads and adequate stiffness to prevent excessive deflections.Inbeam must be proportioned so that it can be constructed.For example,thereinforcement must be detailed so that it can be assembled in the field,andsince the concrete is placed in the form after the reinforcement is in place,the concrete must be able to flow around,between,and past the reinforcementto fill all parts of the form completely.The choice of whether a structure should be built of concrete,steel,masonry,or timber depends on the availability of materials and on a number of valuedecisions.The choice of structural system is made by the architect of engineerearly in the design,based on the following considerations:1.Economy.Frequently,the foremost consideration is the overall const ofthe structure.This is,of course,a function of the costs of the materials andthe labor necessary to erect them.Frequently,however,the overall cost isaffected as much or more by the overall construction time since the contractorand owner must borrow or otherwise allocate money to carry out the constructionand will not receive a return on this investment until the building is readyfor occupancy.In a typical large apartment of commercial project,the cost ofconstruction financing will be a significant fraction of the total cost.As aresult,financial savings due to rapid construction may more than offsetincreased material costs.For this reason,any measures the designer can taketo standardize the design and forming will generally pay off in reduced overallcosts.In many cases the long-term economy of the structure may be more importantthan the first cost.As a result,maintenance and durability are importantconsideration.2.Suitability of material for architectural and structural function.Areinforced concrete system frequently allows the designer to combine thearchitectural and structural functions.Concrete has the advantage that it isplaced in a plastic condition and is given the desired shape and texture by meansof the forms and the finishing techniques.This allows such elements ad flatplates or other types of slabs to serve as load-bearing elements while providingthe finished floor and or ceiling surfaces.Similarly,reinforced concrete